GA + - Forms a white precipitate with which will dissolve in ammonia, forming a complexlC− 05)> 0 and will not form an ammonia complex Forms a white precipitate with (if lC−. 05> 0 )īP 2+ - Forms a white precipitate with OH− which will dissolve in excess OH− forming a complex ■ Sulphates soluble (except PMS, Castro Bear)ĪB 2+ - Forms a white precipitate with SO 4 2−ĪC 2+ - Forms a white precipitate with SO 4 2− and OH− (if. ○ Castro Bear (Calcium, Strontium, Barium) ○ Can test for presence of precipitate and the colour of it Precipitation reactions can be done in order to identify the presence of a cation.Potassium Purple/lilac Precipitation Reactions Humans at risk of heavy metal poisoning.Zooplankton eats 1000s of phytoplankton.When chemical waste such as these heavy metals enter the ocean this occurs:.○ Refers to how toxin concentration increases up the food chain ○ Refers to how heavy metals build up inside organisms due to poor excretion ○ It can cause immune disorders and kidney failure ○ It can stunt neurological development for children Lead and mercury are heavy metals that can cause severe health issues.○ Winkler titration (iodometric titration) Changes in the dissolved oxygen content of the waterways can be monitored by using:.Breaks up into excess nitrates/phosphates.Eaten by aerobic (use up O2) bacteria (break up dead algae).Algal blooms (algae prevents sunlight entering, preventing photosynthesis in water).The run-off contains nitrates/phosphates and enter waterways.Rainwater/ground water rushes through soil.Main human source of nitrates and phosphates:.○ This process leads to the reduction of dissolved oxygen within the waterway, thus ○ As the algal bloom ends, large amounts of organic waste are converted into A process by which a body of water becomes enriched (not good) with excess nutrients.Concentrations of ions or chemicals in the environment is measured in ppm which (w/v).○ Waterways also provide drinking water for humans so the quality of this drinking Ions due to human activity can have a large-scale impact on the waterways Natural waterways are a delicate ecosystem where small changes in the levels of certain.It is critical the presence and concentrations of certain ions are monitored for human and.○ But humans have caused changes in the concentration of these ions Inorganic ions exist naturally in the environment.MODULE 8 :Applying Chemical Ideas Analysis of Inorganic Substances Inquiry Question: How are the ions present in the environment identified and measured? Monitoring The Environment

Nag sag castro bear